白藜芦醇与心血管病的关系

2010-02-12

中国人是世界上最早开始用食物养生的民族，相信膳食的功效已经有2000多年的历史了。可是西方国家差不多50年前才开始认识这一点。

在中国，许多含白藜芦醇的植物作为抗高血脂症、抗动脉粥样硬化等药物在民间应用已久，比如虎杖和首乌。白藜芦醇在葡萄类植物中含量丰富，法国人高血脂发病率低便与多饮红葡萄酒有关。调查发现干法酿制的红葡萄酒中，白藜芦醇含量一般为 l mg/L，最高可达7 mg/L，而白葡萄酒中其含量普遍低于0.1 mg/L，这与葡萄品种、产地条件、病虫侵害状况及酿酒工艺等有关。

事实上白藜芦醇的重新发现，就是日本爱知医科大学的有地英子(Arichi)等人从虎杖中分离得到降血压的有效成分。因此白藜芦醇的降血压作用是不容置疑的。

u Arichi H, et al. Effects of stilbene components of the roots of Polygonum cuspidatum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1982; 30: 1766–1770.
http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110003634507/

白藜芦醇预防心血管病的作用机制并不是只有降血脂这一方面。另一个重要的因素是，白藜芦醇也是一个超强的生物抗氧化剂，这是因为白藜芦醇在结构上属于多酚类化合物（Polyphenol），而这类化合物普遍有很强的生物抗氧化能力。它虽然比不上番茄红素那么强，但是白藜芦醇摄入后的分布与番茄红素不同，所以作用也就不相同了。

前面在番茄红素的章节已经提到，生物抗氧化剂的功效非常之多，抗肿瘤，预防动脉粥样硬化，延缓衰老，等等。

生物抗氧化剂之所以能抗动脉粥样硬化，是因为医学上早已经证明低密度脂蛋白（LDL）的氧化会导致动脉粥样硬化，而白藜芦醇又被证明可以减少LDL的氧化。

u Esterbauer H., et al. The role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in oxidative modification of LDL. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1992; 13: 341–390.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T38-47P8DN3-CS&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aabca232b5f3c51ec790b3a29d520dfa

u Frankel EN, et al. Inhibition of human LDL oxidation by resveratrol. Lancet 1993; 341: 1103–1104.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T1B-49KCG9P-2H&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3de06b2752ab0f054cd97a4b4e605a03

u Morillon JM, et al. Antioxidant activity of the stilbene astringin, newly extracted from Vitis vinifera cell cultures. Clin Chem 1997,43：1092-1093.
http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/43/6/1092

u Miller NJ, & Rice-Evans CA. Antioxidant activity of resveratrol in red wine. Clin. Chem. 1995; 41: 1789a.
http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/citation/41/12/1789/a

u Fuhrman B, et al. Consumption of red wine with meals reduces the susceptibility of human plasma and low-density lipoprotein to lipid peroxidation. Am. J.Clin. Nutr.1995; 61: 549–554.

http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/61/3/549

u Fremont L, et al. Antioxidant activity of resveratrol and alcohol-free wine polyphenols related to LDL oxidation and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Life Sci. 1999；64：2511-2521.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T99-3X05HHS-B&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=2ca1e89336958d36d06f00315dbdb832

u Zou JG, et al. Effects of resveratrol on oxidative modification of human low density lipoprotein. Chin Med J 2000；113：99-102.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11775553

u Ariam O, et a1. Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation with red wine and red wine polyphenols．J Vasc Surg 2002; 35: 1226-1232.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WMJ-4700VS2-V&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=2c5bc550eb3b826a7fb375203b799c0d

u Csiszar A, et al. Resveratrol attenuates TNF-a-induced activation of coronary arterial endothelial cells: role of NF-kB inhibition. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291: H1694–H1699.

http://ajpheart.physiology.org/content/291/4/H1694

在动物实验上已经证明，长期摄取白藜芦醇可以帮助降低血压、软化血管。

u Rivera L, et al. Long-term resveratrol administration reduces metabolic disturbances and lowers blood pressure in obese Zucker rats. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009; 77(6): 1053-63.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19100718?ordinalpos=12&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum

国立台湾大学医学院早在2000年证明白藜芦醇可以保护心脏。

u Hung LM, et al. Cardioprotective effect of resveratrol, a natural antioxidant derived from grapes. Cardiovascular Research 2000; 47: 549–55.
http://cardiovascres.oxfordjournals.org/clntent/cardiovascres/47/3/549.full.pdf

其保护机制两年后被其他人报导。

u EI-Mowafy AM．Resveratrol activates membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase in coronary arterial smooth muscle：A novel signaling mechanism in support of coronary protection．Biochem Biophysio Res Commu 2002; 291: 1218-1224.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WBK-45F4JPN-N&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f70b9e0b7ef94de842676f2f441e7522

白藜芦醇被证明有促进NO（一氧化氮）释放、抗凝血等功能，这是减少心肌梗塞的最重要因素。

u Hattori R, et al. Pharmacological preconditioning with resveratrol: role of nitric oxide. Am. J. Physiol. 2002; 282: H1988–H1995.
http://ajpheart.physiology.org/content/282/6/H1988

u Orsini F et al. Isolation, synthesis, and antiplatelet aggregation activity of resveratrol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and related compounds. J. Nat. Prod. 1997; 60: 1082–1087.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/np970069t

日本人的研究甚至还证明白藜芦醇具有保肝作用。

u Kawada N, et al. Effect of antioxidants, resveratrol, quercetin, and N-acetylcysteine, on the functions of cultured rat hepatic stellate cells and Kupffer cells. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1265–1274.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/106595243/abstract?SRETRY=0

【注意】

白藜芦醇的确可以帮助迅速降低血脂，但是并不能迅速取代药物来控制血压，也不能迅速取代胰岛素来控制血糖。